The proto-historic period is characterised by contact with Chinese and Indian civilisations. Get the item you ordered or get your money back. Select from premium Kingdom Of Laos of the highest quality. China, for example, provided 70% of the funding for a $5.9 billion, 400-km railway line between the Chinese border and the capital Vientiane, which opened for operations in December 2021. The Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand, where the mountains of the Annamite Range form most of the eastern border with Vietnam and the Luang Prabang Range the northwestern border with the Thai highlands. For example, Laotian music is dominated by its national musical instrument, the khaen, a type of bamboo mouth organ that has prehistoric origins. (approximately $100 million)0.2% of GDP (2016 est.) )municipal solid waste recycled annually: 35,190 tons (2015 est. Din vin: Kanna Hashimoto Kento Yamazaki Ryo Yoshizawa. It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation but was re-colonised by France until it won autonomy in 1949. WebKingdom-of-laos Definition Meanings Definition Source Filter A former country in Southeast Asia (official name). Sticky rice is generally preferred over jasmine rice, and sticky rice cultivation and production is thought to have originated in Laos. )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, but the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the illegal drug trade and were of non-Lao origin. WebProtectorate flag of Kingdom of Laos. Settathirath disappeared in the mountains on his way back from a military expedition into Cambodia, and Lan Xang fell into more than seventy years of instability, involving both Burmese invasion and civil war. It is estimated that about 37% of educated Laotians live outside Laos. Government policies are determined by the party through the eleven-member Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the 61-member Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. WebThe Kingdom of Laoswas officially proclaimed when the new Constitution was promulgated in 1947, as part of the colonial French Union, and obtained full independence in 1953. ), household consumption: 63.7% (2017 est. Luang Prabang and Vat Phou are both UNESCO World Heritage sites. The close ties between Laos and Vietnam were formalised via a treaty signed in 1977, which has since provided direction for Lao foreign policy, and provides the basis for Vietnamese involvement at all levels of Lao political and economic life. After the Pathet Lao took over the country in 1975, the conflict continued in isolated pockets. ), Laos is a predominantly rural country with a youthful population almost 55% of the population is under the age of 25. Its progress on health and development issues has been uneven geographically, among ethnic groups, and socioeconomically. Laos has made headway in poverty reduction, with the poverty rate almost halving from 46% in 1992/93 to 22% in 2012/13. Nevertheless, pronounced rural-urban disparities persist, and income inequality is rising. Poverty most affects populations in rural and highland areas, particularly ethnic minority groups., The total fertility rate (TFR) has decreased markedly from around 6 births per woman on average in 1990 to approximately 2.8 in 2016, but it is still one of the highest in Southeast Asia. Under Vietnamese pressure, he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826. )imports: 18,000 metric tons (2020 est. [141] Laos's progress is notable in comparison to similar developing countries. [124] Laos may have the greatest number of rice varieties in the Greater Mekong Subregion. WebThe Kingdom of Laos. [139]:8 Electricity is available to 93% of the population. ), at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est. )exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. [19] In English, the 's' is pronounced, and not silent. [citation needed], On 2 December 1975, after taking control of the country, the Pathet Lao government under Kaysone Phomvihane renamed the country as the Lao People's Democratic Republic and signed agreements giving Vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. [12] Its capital and largest city is Vientiane. 6, "Seventy Years of Anarchy", in. The 1957 document was abrogated in December 1975, when a communist people's republic was proclaimed. ), Thailand 36%, China 28%, Vietnam 16% (2019), electricity, copper, rubber, gold, flavored water (2019), $6.527 billion (2021 est.) At the eve of the Vietnam War, the Secret War was beginning in Laos as political factions between communist Pathet Lao and the government occurred. Economic growth averaged more than 6% per year in the period 1988-2008, and Laos' growth has more recently been amongst the fastest in Asia, averaging more than 7% per year for most of the last decade. [169][170] In September 2017, Laos submitted Dearest Sister (Lao: ), Mattie Do's second feature film, to the 90th Academy Awards (or the Oscars) for consideration for Best Foreign Language Film, marking the country's first submission for the Oscars. ), Thailand 53%, China 26%, Vietnam 10% (2019), refined petroleum, cars, cattle, iron structures, steel products (2019), $1.476 billion (31 December 2021 est. Typically, SEZs grant China multi-decade leases to develop the land. In the case of Boten, Laos agreed to a 90-year land-lease deal with China. Also like in Cambodia, such agreements give the impression that Laos is becoming, or is already, a semi-colony of China. )wine: 0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Entitled The Rocket, the film appeared at the 2013 Melbourne International Film Festival and won three awards at the Berlin International Film Festival. ), total subscriptions: 1.491 million (2020 est. Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai, "Let's hope Laos hangs on to its identity", "Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand: Archival Anecdotes and Village Voices", Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 18601945, "Laos Encyclopdia Britannica Overview", "Making More Enemies than We Kill? There are two plateaux, the Xiangkhoang in the north and the Bolaven Plateau at the southern end. Setthathirath became king in 1548, after his father was killed, and ordered the construction of what became the symbol of Laos, That Luang. The only legal political party is the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). [166], Australian filmmaker Kim Mordount's first feature film was made in Laos and features a Laotian cast speaking their native language. A s we continue our 2023 Awards coverage, today we are talking to the sound team behind another film on the Best Sound Academy Awards shortlist Avatar: The Way of Water.. [citation needed]. )0.5% (2020 est. [68] Laos also maintained a "special relationship" with Vietnam and formalised a 1977 treaty of friendship and cooperation that created tensions with China. ), urban population: 38.2% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 2.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. [47][52] Laos was requested in 1979 by Vietnam to end relations with the People's Republic of China, leading to isolation in trade by China, the United States, and other countries. [104], In October 1999, 30 young people were arrested for attempting to display posters calling for peaceful economic, political and social change in Laos. [44] On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with Luang Prabang as its capital, but on 7 April 1945 two battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city. A post-independence civil war began, which saw the communist resistance, supported by the Soviet Union, fight against the monarchy that later came under influence of military regimes supported by the United States. $58.264 billion (2021 est. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 37.871 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Laos became a member of ASEAN in 1997 and the WTO in 2013.In the 2010s, the country benefited from direct foreign investment, particularly in the natural resource and industry sectors. WebThe Kingdom of Laos (1953-1975) was a constitutional monarchy that ruled Laos for 22 years with only two kings, Sisavang Vong and Savang Vatthana. WebThe Lao people, the predominant ethnic group in present-day Laos, are a branch of the Tai peoples who by the 8th century ce had established a powerful kingdom, Nanzhao, in Laos financed the remaining 30% with loans from China. A former country in Southeast Asia (official name). )expenditures: 4.038 billion (2017 est. )$1.393 billion (31 December 2020 est. [175] Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected to enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and torture. [155] Government expenditure on health is about four percent of GDP,[155] about US$18 (PPP) in 2006. )note: the Laos Government officially recognizes 49 ethnic groups, but the total number of ethnic groups is estimated to be well over 200. In 1975, the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy and instituting a strict socialist regime closely aligned to Vietnam. Recognised asylum seekers were given resettlement opportunities, while the remaining refugees were to be repatriated under guarantee of safety. TFR is higher in rural and remote areas, among ethnic minority groups, the less-educated, and the poor; it is lower in urban areas and among the more educated and those with higher incomes. Although Laos mortality rates have improved substantially over the last few decades, the maternal mortality rate and childhood malnutrition remain at high levels. As fertility and mortality rates continue to decline, the proportion of Laos working-age population will increase, and its share of dependents will shrink. The age structure shift will provide Laos with the potential to realize a demographic dividend during the next few decades, if it can improve educational access and quality and gainfully employ its growing working-age population in productive sectors. Currently, Laos primary school enrollment is nearly universal, but the drop-out rate remains problematic. Secondary school enrollment has also increased but remains low, especially for girls., Laos has historically been a country of emigration and internal displacement due to conflict and a weak economy. Many elements of Lao culture predate Buddhism. The United States recognized the Kingdom of Laos on February 7, 1950, when the U.S. Department of State made an WebShop for kingdom of laos wall art from the world's greatest living artists. WebU.S. )other: 21.5% (2018 est. The remainder, particularly in rural areas, speak ethnic minority languages. Local tradition holds that there are three seasons (rainy, cool and hot) as the latter two months of the climatologically defined dry season are noticeably hotter than the earlier four months. [151] [155], The adult literacy rate for women in 2017 was 62.9%; for adult men, 78.1%. [156] Laos was ranked 117th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 down from 113rd in 2020.[157][158][159][160][161]. [104] Later reports have contradicted this, claiming they were sentenced to 20 years in prison. ), women married by age 15: 7.1%women married by age 18: 32.7%men married by age 18: 10.8% (2017 est. Lao Soung account for about 10% of the population. [149], Hill people and minority cultures of Laos such as the Hmong, Yao (Mien) (Hmong-Mien), Dao, Shan, and several Tibeto-Burman speaking peoples have lived in isolated regions of Laos for many years. ), total subscriptions: 4.1 million (2020 est. According to the World Bank data conducted in 2014, Laos has met the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets on water and sanitation regarding the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme. [77] Pressure to resettle the refugees grew as the Thai government worked to close its remaining refugee camps. [38] France rescued King Oun Kham and added Luang Phrabang to the protectorate of French Indochina. Archaeological exploration in Laos has been limited due to rugged and remote topography, a history of twentieth century conflicts which have left over two million tons of unexploded ordnance throughout the country, and local sensitivities to history which involve the Communist government of All newspapers are published by the government, including two foreign language papers: the English-language daily Vientiane Times and the French-language weekly Le Rnovateur. According to independent non-profit/non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International,[104] Human Rights Watch,[105] and Civil Rights Defenders,[106] along with the US State Department,[107] serious human rights violations such as arbitrary detentions, disappearances, free speech restrictions, prison abuses and other violations are an ongoing problem. The Lao Royals are now based in France, where they work to achieve a change of government in Laos. )wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [100], Ostensibly, the Constitution of Laos that was promulgated in 1991 and amended in 2003 contains most key safeguards for human rights. This sector has made significant contributions to the economic condition of Laos. Other carriers serving the country include Bangkok Airways, Vietnam Airlines, AirAsia, Thai Airways and China Eastern Airlines. Since the founding of the Lao PDR in 1975, very few films have been made in Laos. The economy has benefited from high-profile foreign direct investment in hydropower dams along the Mekong River, copper and gold mining, logging, and construction, although some projects in these industries have drawn criticism for their environmental impacts. It is a hand-woven silk skirt that can identify the woman who wears it in a variety of ways. Buddhist 64.7%, Christian 1.7%, none 31.4%, other/not stated 2.1% (2015 est. The Laos civil war (1953 1975) mainly caused internal displacement (numbering in the hundreds of thousands). Following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, indigenous people in remote, war-struck areas were resettled and more than 300,000 people fled to Thailand to escape the communist regime that took power. The majority of those who sought refuge in Thailand ultimately were resettled in the US (mainly Hmong who fought with US forces), and lesser numbers went to France, Canada, and Australia.. The Lao PDR is one of the world's few socialist states openly endorsing communism. For example, Khammu farmers in Luang Prabang plant the rice variety khao kam in small quantities near the farm house in memory of dead parents, or at the edge of the rice field to indicate that parents are still alive.[162]. [87], Lending further support to earlier claims that the government of Laos was persecuting the Hmong, filmmaker Rebecca Sommer documented first-hand accounts in her documentary, Hunted Like Animals,[88] and in a comprehensive report that includes summaries of refugee claims and was submitted to the UN in May 2006. Present-day Laos traces its historic and cultural identity to Lan Xang, which existed from the 13th century to the 18th century as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Laos was then dependent on military and economic aid from the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. Subsistence agriculture still accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. 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