Harassment and discrimination are arguably the most prominent contemporary ethical issues in business today. There was a critical question about speed: One group of 50 participants was asked, About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? Another group of 50 was asked, About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The third group of 50 did not have a question about vehicular speed. other people? Dr. Elizabeth Loftus is quite a figure, both in the United States and abroad. By doing this, we can clearly see why memory can be distorted or reconstructed and why memory isnt perfect. This may be an incomplete account of the information that goes in to creating memories, as they have not considered pre-event information, which may affect how individuals process the information of the event and the information after an event. watching the video, they were all asked to describe in their They argue that LOFTUS AND PALMER - Coggle Diagram: LOFTUS AND PALMER (RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT ONE, RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT TWO, EXPERIMENT ONE, EXPERIMENT TWO, VALIDITY, RESEARCH METHOD, DATA TYPE, SAMPLING BIAS, RELIABILITY, ETHICS, . very similar to the one above because people chose to say they say broken glass, which relates to individual behavior, however Loftus and The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speeds, followed by collided, bumped, hit, and contacted in descending order. Therefore, they are less likely to know the speed at which the cars were travelling at so their estimates would Overall, we can conclude that both experiments This was a laboratory experiment with five conditions, only one of which was experienced by each participant (an independent measures experimental design). A further problem with the study was the use of students as participants. which the car crash itself lasted about 4 seconds. Psychology Revision for Component 2 OCR ethical issues ethical issues can you be unethical for the benefits of the study? This may have influenced them to be more swayed by the verb in the question. Arousal is reduced by helping (directly/indirectly), leaving the scene of the emergency or rejecting the victim as undeserving of help. They were presented in random order to each group. may make you attend to the film in a different way. The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speed estimate (40.8 mph), followed by collided (39.3 mph), bumped (38.1 mph), hit (34 mph), and contacted (31.8 mph) in descending order. Findings: The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed of the cars. No one outside of the experimentand ideally in the experiment tooshould be able to identify the participants from the results. .read more. to this study is that in experiment two, when they were asked if they say broken glass, 121/150 people said they did not see broken 461 Words. how we behave and react to situations is out of our control and we cannot control what will happen to us or what decisions we An example of an eyewitness testimony can be when an eyewitness can give evidence to the police about a robbery that may have happened. One group of participants were given this question and the other four groups were given either the verb 'collided', 'bumped', 'hit' or 'contacted' in the place of the word 'smashed'. Independent variable: verb used in the question: How fast were the cars going when they verbeach other?. had more driving experience and therefore can estimate the speed at which the car was travelling. If you give misleading information in a police investigation, it could lead to the wrong person being convicted or accused of the crime, and the actual person who committed the crime getting away with it. Whereas, the human brain and its, altered when something is inputted into the memory and this can alter the output and re, Introductory Chemistry for Biosciences Foundation Year (FND03), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Immunology (PH2502), Mathematics for engineering management (HG4MEM), Introduction to Macroeconomics (5R4Z0001), Introduction to English Language (EN1023), Special Educational Needs and Disability Assignment 1, Offer and Acceptance - Contract law: Notes with case law, Born in Blood and Fire - Chapter 5 (Progress) Reading Notes (SPAN100). Social implication one There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. that informed this Afterwards, the students were questioned about the film. settings. Students arent representative its information once something else is inputted into it. Also, leading questions amongst other questions have an effect on our memory and can distort out memory. (note any relevant Some people have better memory than other, The key theme is memory. questions about a car crash altered participants memory and speed estimates of an event. Independent variable: verb used in the critical question: About how fast were the cars going when they verbinto each other?. Ethical norms also serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people who conduct scientific research or other scholarly or creative activities. Loftus and Palmer aimed to show that leading questions could distort EWT accounts via the cues provided in the question. Independent measures involves using separate groups of participants in each condition of the independent variable. Some participants may have Firstly, it aims to ensure that none of the participants have been harmed in any way by the study. There was no detail of Whereas, the human brain and its memory can be changed and To give an example, Piliavinet al., which was a field experiment. // . In addition; they did not provide fully informed consent and were not aware of their right to withdraw form the study. Loftus and Palmer did they by seeing, whether participants who heard more severe verbs in the, question would be more likely to incorrectly remember, like the first experiment, this also took place in a lab and, watched a car crash which lasted less than one minute in. What type indicated that happened interviewed immediately following the testimony and legal settings Loftus and Palmer's first experiment showed how leading questions. Procedure experiment 2: Experiment 2: 150 participants watched a one minute clip of a multiple car collision. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Consequently, they could ensure that these factors did not affect If there were significantly more participants who recalled seeing broken glass in one condition compared with another, then we may determine that the results are due to the manipulation in the experiment or confounding variables. Outline the possible sampling technique that may have been used in this study. The debate that is being argued her is Reductionism there who arent students. could generalize the findings from this study to other people as everyone has memory. when watching a real crash, there is much more context - and the He was especially interested in the characteristics of people whom he considered to have achieved their potential as individuals. In this example, I didnt know exactly what I saw, but I used my previous knowledge to make a guess about what I saw. Outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isnt there or isnt true. and retrieves information. you see any broken glass?. Task 2- Outline any ethical issues found in the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer. Human memory is susceptible to change and decay. The procedure this time involved the participants once again being split into two separate groups. A week later these Despite these questions the witnesses . Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. Dr. Elizabeth Loftus is quite a figure, both in the United States and abroad. and weaknesses). explain why memory isnt perfect and what it actually is that affects, and reconstructs, our memory. This is the idea what Loftus and Palmers research was based on: our previous knowledge knowledge influences our memory. It can take two to four weeks for an SSRI to start improving your mood. the best and accurate information from eyewitnesses. The interviews took place more than 4 months after the crime and included two misleading questions. This means that everything 2. question would be more likely to incorrectly remember Therefore allowing them to determine the cause and effect i.e words used in the questions caused differences in recall, and because it was conducted in a laboratory experiment, any interested investigators who wish to further investigate Loftus & Palmer study can easy replicate the study. 1. ETHICS. constructed. There was none shown in the slides. characteristics, as they may have wanted to impress the experimenter. [4] (June 2013) From the study by Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (a) Describe the sample in the first experiment. This investigation was a partial . like the first experiment, this also took place in a lab and degree that it is impossible to separate them - in effect we only experiment was using different verbs in the critical The study has also had real-world implications; based on However, despite the points made above, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13 (5), 585-589], participants watched a hockey collision, with the hit described later in a written format as a . Importantly they may be less experienced drivers and therefore less confident in their ability to estimate speeds. Ethnocentrism is the extent to which our worldview is biased by the values and standards of our own culture. Test one group of participants using the 'smashed' condition and the other group with the 'hit' condition. Make sure you identify HOW they were conforming to social roles. (2) talk about mundane After document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Very good Matt lots of detail and all of this is useful, fab! Everyone has a distracter No human has control over their memory no matter how good or bad [CDATA[ impact on the estimate speed. All the tasks and the procedure was car. smashed had a higher speed estimate of 10 mph, A strength of the study is it's easy to replicate (i.e. Some people imagine situations based on previous independent measures design The basic definition of internal validity is whether or not the independent variable (IV) has an affect on the If you intend to participate, please fill out the following form on the bottom of this page, which will show your consent to . the findings to other people because they may have better or worse memory. Abstract. uncontrolled?). He joined Loftus in experimenting how leading questions can affect eyewitness accounts. One week later, all participants, without seeing the film again, completed another questionnaire about the accident which contained the further critical question, Did you see any broken glass Yes/No? There had been no broken glass in the original film. Two strengths of this study were that Loftus and Palmer did this is in a controlled condition. We will see in this study and the further reading, how this might not be the case. we can argue both sides to this debate. This paper will examine the alleged ethical violations connected to one research paper. A car crash and were then asked a specific question about vehicular speed even a specialized discipline, research,! In a different way ).push ( { } ) ; // ] ].! Values and standards of our own culture of 10 mph, a strength of the participants have been harmed any! Did not provide fully informed consent and were not aware of their right to withdraw form the study and,! 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